Underpinning



oct. 20,1925.

JB.GOLDSBOROUGH UNDERPINNING Filed oct. 31l 1918 4 Sheets-Sheet l VNI/ENTOR ATTORN Y Oct. 20,1925. 1,558,430 l J. B. GOLDSBGROUGH UNDERPINNI NG Filed Oct. 5ll 1918 4 Sheets-Sheet V2 ATTORN Y Oct. 20, 1925 UNDERPINNING File@ Oct. 5J.l 1918 J. B. GoLDsBoRoUGH 4 Sheets-Sheet 5 wld /Nl/ENTOR Patented Oct. 20, 1925.

UrNl TED TATESS A 1,558,430l iePArENT L`oi=if1=les UNDERPINNING.

Application led October 731, 19118. SerialfNo. 260,514.

derpinningbuildings and has 'for its object the provision oian underpinni'ng` und 4a method of Construct-ing the sainewhiclrnay be carried out at' practically-a `small percentage of the cost of underpinning'buildings in accordance withthe practices heretofore existing and Without disturbingl thevoecupanoy ot'tlie building during the operntions.

Other obje-ets ot the invention Willbe apparent 'trolnthe detailed description hereinafter to follow-When taken into conjunetion with the accompanying drawings and `will be pointed out in the appended claims.

fin the drawingsz-e Fig'. l shows in side elevations.. portion ot u building, its'foundation `and its underpinning, which have'b'een constructed in aecordance With the principles of tliis invention;

y a detail ot theconstruction'utiis-f.; `.iu irniing a *pit fon-a' Concrete pier which furnis apart uit the underpinning:

Fig'. 5 shows a further -ste'p initheunderpinning;

Fig. t3 shows one Completed forni oiiunderpinnin if l2 shows a foundation consisting of le ed p' s:

' l sl :insa concrete footing bonding piers tobether;

i l-l is a section ot Fig.

on the the underpinning; inlay yalso be used' te reinforce a foimdation wall;

Fig. l5 shows the -inethod of constructing the piers beneath the concrete footing;

i6 shows the completed underpinning; and

.Fig.l 1.7 lshows a curtain Wall erected beneat-htwo isolated piersbonded together` by a concrete A itooting.

In excavating for subways alonglan eX1st 'Yvvlierye the lateral support `adjacent to ,a

.ing line ot' b'uildinffs for `other instances building is rein-overl, it `is neeesseryto Aunderpin the building` in such a .Inannertliat the Weight or load of thebuilding will be transferred to`- a greater depthland supported substantially indepe'nden't of its previous foundation, Which'will, in a large measure, be reinovedeither temporarily or permanently. i

Heretofore, it hasb'een the common practice Lto provide temporary 'extraneous supports and toemplacethe underpinning-in position whilethe building is thus supported. These etraneoussupportsfhave ysome tunes been needles orprops arranged 'to give a Wide distribution of `the Weiqlit or 4load of the building upon the adjoining earth. lllydrnulio j aolrs have also "been found to be of advantage in supporting e building durinjg underpinning' operations, which jacks directly `sustain-the load orweiglit of the building anddo not require 'any temporary si )ports `such es needles, `Whielo seriousli7 adleet the occupancy ofthebuilding-during the underpinning operations.

In the subsequent development ofthe hydraulic jack nietlio'd I 4have proposed en tended reinforced concrete `footing for u, building` -under which vthe hydraulic jals have been placed to temporarily*support the building untilpernianent concrete piers lieve been constructed `and joinen to the 'footing toitorln'the permanent underpinning structure. I have also proposed to use suoli an extended reinforced `Afootingl andinsteed ot supporting 'the building upon hydraulic jacks, to sustainit upon theearth while pits Aare sunk at one side o the footing and filled nith concrete to provide concrete piers which are thereafter joined tothe Jfooting toprovidethe Finished or completed underpinning.

In the development ot Vunderpinninig methods, as above outlined, I haveV foun that in generalit has been, and now is, the general practice to employ supports of some chaiacter for the buildings when concrete Cil piers are to be sunk directly beneath the foundation wall, which are to a large extent, unnecessary if proper precautions are taken in placing the underpinning. This is due to the fact that heretofore, in so far as I am aware, the arching action of a foundation wall and the arching` action of the earth or soil when undisturbed, has notk been properly taken into consideration as a factor in the support of a building during underpinning operations. l have found that the arching action or quality of an ordinary foundation wall is su'ioient, in a great many eases, to temporarily sustain a building even though a section of the earth directly beneath the wall is excavated. This foundation wall may be of any of the usual types at present used, as for example, a rubble wall, a brick Wall, and the like. in a case where a building is sustained upon isolated foundation piers, a footing would necessarily be used to join the sui'aporting columns together, which would be the equivalent of a foundation wall.

This arching quality or characteristic of a foundation wall, is naturally dependent upon the firm support of the portieri ef the earth remaining beneath the wall which has not been excavated, and therefore, for the proper success in the carrying out of the method as will be hereinafter outlined, care must be taken that the earth surrounding the excavated section should not be seriously disturbed. This theory of the arching action and of a wall and undisturbed ground, has resulted in the perfection of a new method of underpinning which may be constructed at a fraction of the cost of the old ty 3e, due to the fact that it does not necessitate steel for reinforcing purposes, is simple to construct, and provides a permanent rigid underpinning which will be adequate to sustain any load or weight placed upon it under the most exacting conditions.

One manner in which my new method of underpinning may be carried out, results in the production of a pier and arch underpinning for a foundation wall which underpinning structure is constructed entirely of concrete masonry orthe like and need not be reinforced by steel rods, beams, or any other form of reinforcement which heretofore have been deemed necessary. In constructing this underpinning a section of the earth directly beneath or in alignment with the foundation wall to be underpinned is excavated by the method shown in my Patent No. 1,143,184 for a method of lining an excavation and horizontal sheathing, dated June 15, 1915, or by an equivalent method of sheathing which will permit a pit to be sunk in the earth beneath a foundation wall without disturbing the earth contiguous to the pit and the foundation wall above it. Tn brief, this is preferably accomplished by p increases.

Of course,

sinking the pit in increments and lining the pit with horizontal sheathing as the depth Openings are preferably provided in this sheathing` to permit a tamping of the earth back of the same so that it will not be permitted to settle or otherwise be disturbed. This pit may be of any desired dimension, depending upon the building to be underpinned and is sunk directly beneath the foundation wall. After the pit has been completed the portion of the wall directly over the pit is unsupported and the arching action of the foundation wall is sufficient to sustain temporarily the load of the building without any danger of a settlement of a portion of the wall or building. After the pit has been sunk in this manner, it is filled with concrete or masonry to provide a permanently sustaining or underpinning pier. Temporary supports are then placed between vthe top of the completed pier andthe foundation wall. These supports, I believe, are especially desirable where the wall is of a poor quality, or the section of earth which is subsequently removed from beneath the wall, is large. lith the portion of the foundation wall supported by these temporary supports which may be steel I-beams, wooden beams, props, or the like, a second pit is sunk in the same manner at some distance from the first pit and a second concrete pier is constructed. Temporary supports may also be utilized to support the foundation wall and the earth between the pits is then excavated and concrete arch is then formed in lill) the excavated trough which is joined to the n piers to provide the completed underpinning for a section of the building. The span between the two piers is built directly beneath the foundation wall which will thereafter rest upon it. It is to be understood that while an arch is preferably constructed between the piers for economic reasons, yet a concrete beam having` the same arching qualities or characteristics as the arch may be utilized, the excess quantity of concrete thus used being` of no value. A span of concrete underpinning constructed in the manner described, is capable of sustaining a rubble or other type of foundation wall in conjunction with the supporting piers under the most exacting conditions and I have found that even if part or all of the earth between the piers is removed, after it is einplaced, the pier and arch support will sustain the building` without any settling of the same since the weight has been transferred to the piers. lf desirable,other piers may be constructed instead of the concrete span and a curtain wall obtained. l have also observed that during the construction of the underpinning there is no danger of injury to the building, due to the fact that it is adequately supported by the earth and the sections of the underpinning as they are completed.I These observations have eX- tended over a largenumber of buildings Which have been underpinned in accord* ance with my method.

One torni of completed underpinning is shown in Figs. 1 and 2, and in these views 1, 2 and 3 illustrate rubble foundation Walls which are adjacent to a side Walk and street under which a subway is to run, which makes it essential and necessary -to underpin the buildings. The Walls 1, 2 and 3 iacevuponthe street and are, as is the usual construction, connected to the side Walls 5, 6,. `7, 8 and 9, the side Walls 6, `7 and 8 being party walls of the usual type. 'ifhese foundation. Walls may support any usual `type of buildings, as for example, brick buildings asis indicated at 12, 13 and 14. rIhe underpinning of this series et buildings shown comprises a plurality of concrete piers 27, 28 `and 29, etc., which are joined together at their tops by arches 15, 1G and 17, Which arches as is clear from Fig. 1, are directly beneath the rubble Walls which rest upon the same so that these con crete arches or spans serve as a `footing` not only to sustain .the Weight of the building in conjunction Withfthe concrete piers, but also to increase `the strength ,of the 'foundation Wally of thebuilding.

In'sovfar as VIam aware, it has never been contemplated to usea concrete pier and `arch ot-this character .and it is my intention to cover .this underpinning structure as Well as the method of placing it in position, as Will now be described.l V

Referring first to Figs. 4, 5, and 6, one niethodlin which the concrete pierand arch underpinning structure may be constructed is'sho'wn, the illustration being .limited to two piers `with the span or arch of concrete which join-s the two, .it being understood .thatthe method of constructing` the other piers and spans isthe. same. The iirst step in the operation of underpinning is shown in Fig. 1. Herea'pit 20 is sunk beneath a section of the underpinning Wall, access .to the pit being` provided by means ot' the opening 21. This pit is sunk `preterably in accordance with the method .out lined in my patent `betore'reterredto, that is, by sinking the pit in successive sec-v tions which sections `are lined With horizontal sheathing as the pit increases in depth. This sheathing is shown at 21and Consists oi', horizontal side boards 22 .and 22 which are joinedbylend boards 23, the opposite end boards not being shown. The

end boards tit against vtie side boards rto mutually support each other and serve as braces to prevent any collapse o'ffthesheathing. In sinking this pit and liningit with this horizontal sheathing as described, care shouldV be taken to avoid any disturbance of tions inay be effected through the slots indicated 25. lt is of course to be understood that the necessity for lining the .pit

vor fortilling the spaces outside of the sheath boards Witlrearth or other inateria'hf is dependent upon the earth in vwhich the pit is sunk, it being obvious that if the learth is iirnrand hard, it is unnecessaryto talze these precautions since the reasonV tor lining the pit or for filling the spaces -bacl oit the lining is to insure that therewill be no disturbance of `the earth adjoining the pit due to the eXtra load which is placed upon it by the yexcavation of the pit. After the pit is sunk as disclosed in :Fig 4, the same is filled with concrete o-r masonry to providea pier 27 (see Fig. 5). It will be noted from this view that the pier is constructed so that it does not extend to the bottom ot the foundation Wall buta space is preferably left in Which is interposed temporary supports 34. These temporary supports may be I-bearns as shownin Fig. 5,011 may be Wooden beamsor props, or any other orm of temporary lsupport Which Willreceive theweight orloadof a. portion of the foundation Wall and transmit it to the completed'concrete pier. After the pier 27 and temporary support 34 have been emplaced., Va second pit is excavated at some distance fromth-e pier 27 anda `pier constructed in thepit inthe manner .already described. The distance between these two Vpiers is dependentupon thecharacter of the `foundation Wall and the load which it is to support, as for example, .as shownin Fig. 1 the pier 27 is erected .at one corner beneath` the walls 1 and i, the pier 29 beneath the party Walls 6 and 7 the pier 31 beneath 4the' Wall .8 and the pier ,33 beneath the'par-ty ivall., Piers 28, 30 and 32 are alsoplaced intermediate the other piers.

It is of course understood thatlother intermediate piers -may be utilized ii" .the foundation Wall is poor or thebuildingextremely heavy.. After the pier 27 `has been constructed inthe manner described,l the pier 2S will beconstruoted in thesame manner and a structure similar to that shown in Fig. .5 will be produced, it being understood thattemporary supports 3'5also counect the vpier 28 to the rubble Vfoundation \vall,'to support the weight ot' the saine. It may also here be noted that the boards which line the pit or excavations for the piers need not be removed, as in some instances it is preferable not to remove them, due to the danger of disturbing the earth which is held in place by the boards. After the two piers have been constructed in the manner described and the temporary supports placed in position, space for the arch or span is formed by excavating the section of the earth directly beneath the foundation wall which is intermediate the two piers. In excavating this section it has been found that after the piers have been sunk and the temporary supports placed in position, it is unnecessary in some cases, to line the excavation in which the arches or spans are to be constructed since the two piers will form adequate support for the buildings. If desired, however, this trough may also be lined with boards which will serve as a mould and a more perfect arch in this manner be obtained. After the excavation has been made the construction will appear as in Fig. and the concrete spans then cause the temporary supports to be lost in the cast as shown in dotted lines in Fig. 6. The construction will then appear as shown in Fig. G, which discloses a. completed section of the underpinning and comprises two concrete piers connected at their upper ends by a concrete span or arch l5. rlhe foundation wall rests directly on the concrete arch so that not only an underpinning support is obtained which transfers the load of the building to the piers and hence to a greater depth, but also a footing` for the foundation wall which will serve to maintain the foundation wall rigidly in position. It will be noted that during this underpinning operation only a small section of the foundation wall remains unsupported at any time and I have found that this unsupported section of the foundation wall, due to its arching qualities or characteristics, will not give away or break down under the load or weight of the building. In some instances the foundation wall has been so poor that several stones have -been dropped into the pit during the excavation which made it necessary to provide temporary props or supports for the' wall which will support the wall and perhaps a portion of the weight of the building. However, even under these circumstances, the arching quality or characteristic of the wall will support the major portion of the weight of the building without any settling of the same which would cause cracks to appear in the building. It is also to be noted that if I-beams are not used as temporary supports, but wooden posts or beams used, no steel at all is used in the construction of the underpinning, either during the underpinning operations or in he completed structure. This fact has repiers.

sulted in an enormous saving and has permitted in every instance, the underpinningof buildings to go on uninterruptedly, where no supply of steel was to be had.

Referring now to Figs. 7, 8 and 9, a somewhat modified construction is shown. Here the pits are sunk in the samemanner but instead of casting the entire concrete span at a single operation, a pier 36 is first constructed, and then a haunch for the arch is constructed, as shown in Fig. 7, after the temporary supports 37have been placed in position. In order to mould this haunch, boards 38 which serve as a mould, may be used. After the twohaunches 39 for the arch are constructed as shown in Fig. 8, the section of the earth intermediate the haunches is excavated and the key 40 of the arch is then cast to provide a completed underpinning as shown in Fig. 9. In some instances this method is preferable where the foundation wall is in poor condition, since, as will be clear from Figs. 7, 8 and 9, the portion of the wall which remains unsupported at any one time Vis much less than any form shown in Figs. 5 and 6.

Another form is illust 'ated in Fig. l0. Here the hey of the arch is cast prior to the excavations of the pits for the concrete turing the foundation wall as has already The excavation is made without disbeen described and, if necessary, the trough which is thus formed may be lined with boards 41 which serve as a mould during the casting of the conc-rete pit to provide a key section of the arch. One of the pits is then excavated and sheathed in the manner described and a temporary support placed in position after which the haunch is completed and joined to the key. In the same manner a second pier is constructed and when its haunch is completed a finished section of underpinning is obtained consisting, as before, of two piers connected together by a span or arch, the entire structure being of concrete.

In Fig. 1l, which shows a cross section hrongh the underpinning and foundation wall, the span of the arch is shown extending up beyond the bottom of the foundation I wall as at 43 to provide aV further reinforcing for the wall. This construction may be utilized where the rubble wall or other foundation wall is in such poor condition that portions of the wall will give away under their own weight if the earth beneath it is excavated. In practice therefore, an envelope of concrete is initially placed around the inner face of the wall and under the bottom of the wall which will serve to reinforce the foundation wall and prevent it from falling apart when sections of earth beneath the wall are excavated.

Referring now to Fig. 12, here the building designated 45 is supported upon isolated piers, two such piers being shown and designated Li6 and 4:7 which are supported upon stone footings i8 and 49, respectively.

- The methodcan also beutilized to-.underpin a building of this character' and the first step of the method `is shown in Fig. lf3 where a concrete footing` is first placed in position to join the `footings together. This concrete footing `is constructed by digging'` a trench around and between the footings 4S and t9 without disturbing lthe supporting ground beneaththe footings. In doingV this the footings are preferably undercut as at 5l and 52 so that when the concrete lis cast the portion of concrete footing between the footings serves as a key vof a concrete arch provided by the concrete footing. The arching action of the concrete footingthus constructed is depended upon, as is the arching action of a foundation wall, to support the building while the pits are being sunlcbeneath the footings them.- selves and 'in Fig. 15 the pits are shown partially completed, one of the pits being filled with concrete to provide a pier 54 upon which the weight of the pier a7 is supported by temporary supports 55. After this pier has been constructed in this manner the haunch 56 of the pier may be constructed in the same manner as has been y previously described. During the excavation of the pits it is of course to be understood thatthe same care should be exercised to prevent any displacement of the ground which might 'cause a cave-in and the pits are sheathed in the manner already described. Heretofore it has always been deemed necessary to strongly reinforce such an extended concrete footing and then eXcavate the pits so that only a portionofthelearth beneath the pier is excavated. In prac-tice I have found, however, that the arching action of this concrete footing is sufficient in itself to sustain the load of the building, even though the pit is sunk directly beneath one of the isolated piers or columns. It is therefore believed that such a concrete footing is therefore the equivalent of a foundation wall and it is intended that such a construction will be covered by the annexed claims.

In Fig. 17 a curtain wall is shown constructed beneath the isolated piers or col-` umns. The method of constructing this curtain wall is in general, similar to the method of constructing the pier and -arch support already described. In practice such a curtain wall is sometimes desirable, owing to the condition of the ground or the construction of a subway adjacent to such a wall or for other purposes. In constructing a curtain wall pits are sunk at spaced intervals and when a sufficient number of piers have been emplaced to entirely support the wall, the space intermediate the piers is then eX- cavated and other piers sunk which are con nected or joined to the first constructed piers to provide a curtain wall.

In F ig. 17 the concrete footing 6() is first placed in posit-ien to bend the Supporting columns 61 and 62. Piers 63, 64, 65 and 66 would then be constructed and af-ten these piers are erected and the foundation supported thereupon, the piers 67, 68 and 69 would be constructed, utilizing the method already described. By this method a lcurtain wall may be constructed,beneathl any type of foundation wall, such asa rubble wall, brick :wall or other forms .commonly used and it is the intention-that lnich .construction will 'come within the scope .off `,the invention asset forth in the annexed claims.

In constructing the concrete piers and spans, a small space is sometimes left between the bottomof the foundation wall and the foundation wall and the foundation pier. These spaces are filled with `grout in the usual manner.

It is to be noted in connection with the method described that thev weight or load 4of the building and the foundation. Wie-1l is gradually transferred from the earth d-irectly beneath the wall to the: pier and arch underpinning as it is completed so that when the underpinning is completed the weightor load of the building has been entirely trans,- ferred from the earth to the underpinning, the piers of which will transmit the load to a depth below the proposed excavation. l/Vhen the new eXcavationis made the piers will support the entire weight of the building and the earth between the piers is not at all essential and may be removed if desired. v

Various other modifications of the met'lrod may be employed, due to existing conditions and the judgment of the engineer in charge of the work. For example, in some instances it may be deemed advisable to use some temporary props or supports to sustain the building against lateral displacement. 'Ihese props or supports will not at anytime sustain the major load or weight of the building and it is intended that the use of such props or 'supports' will not defeatthe present method.

It is also evident that while concrete is preferably used, due to its cheapness and facility with which it may be placed in position, masonry piers or arches, or piers and arches of other material may be used if desired, it being intended that such masonry or other piers are the equivalent of the concrete piers and arches specified in the claims.

I claim:

l. The method of underpinning a building which consists in excavating sections of the earth beneath and in alignment with the foundation of the building while leaving it supported temporarily by its natural arching action .and constructing in seine of the ings by its natural arching act-ion and constructing in some of the excavations structural elements extending to relatively great depths and in other excavations arch-like structural elements associated with and supported by the first named elements to form therewith a new foundation for the build-v inof.

b3. The method of underpinning a building which consists in excavating the earth from beneath spaced portions ot a foundation wall ot the building to torm pits in alignment with the wall while leaving the wall temporarily supported above the pits by its arching action, constructing in each pit a pier 'to provide a permanent support for the wall, excavating the earth immediately below the wall and between the piers while leaving the wall temporarily supported above the excavation by its arching action, and constructing in such excavation a span joining 'the piers for supporting the wall lying between the piers.

l. The method ot underpinning a building which consists in excavating a plurality of spaced pits beneath and in alignment with the foundation of the wall of the building while preventing displacement of the contiguous earth and leaving the wall temporarily supported above the pits by its arching action, constructing piers in the pits up to the bottom of the wall to support the wall permanently, excavating the earth immediately below the Wall and between the pits while leaving the wall temporarily supported above the excavation by its arching action and construct-ing in such excavation a span joining the piers for supporting the wall lying between them.

5. The method oit underpinning a building which consists in producing excavations beneath and in alignment with the foundation of the building while leaving it supported above each excavation as it is produced by 'the arching' action of the foundation and forming in the excavations sections of a new `foundation consisting of piersl and arches supported by the piers.

6. The method of underpinning a building which consists in excavating spaced pits beneath and in alignment with the 'foundation wall ofthe building while leaving the wall ten'iporarily supported above the pits by its arching action, constructing in the pits thus produced piers having their upper ends spaced from the under side oi the wall, inserting temporary supports between the tops of the piers and the bottom of the wall, excavating the earth immediately below'the wall and between the pits while leaving the wall temporarily supported above the excavation by its arching action and filling the excavation and the spaces around the temporary supports with concrete to provide in connection with the piers a permanent pier and arch support for the wall.

JOHN B. GOLDSBOROUGH. 

